by Frank Boles
The Lucile Clarke Children’s Library, a part of the
Clarke Historical Library, has a distinguished collection of children’s books.
That collection was recently enriched by the addition of over 600 pop-up books
from the library of Dr. Francis Molson. The books were collected by Dr. Molson
and his late wife, Mary Lois. The volumes offer a dazzling insight into what is
one of the most colorful and entertaining corners of the printing industry. A
few illustrations from the books we acquired accompany this post.
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| Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, Cover (Left) and Page Pop-Up (Right). |
The Molson collection of movable books leans towards
toward post-world War II publications. It captures in exquisite limited editions
the work of some of the era’s leading paper engineers, such as Robert Sabuda.
It also represents comprehensive collections of volumes on subjects of special
interest to Dr. Molson, such as the Wizard of Oz and Sleeping Beauty. Francis
sought Wizard of Oz pop-up books to complement the Clarke’s existing Wizard of
Oz printed volumes collection. As for Sleeping Beauty, when as a young person
he saw the 1959 Disney movie, it “scared the bejeebers” out of him. As portrayed
by the Disney animators, the evil fairy Maleficent was, well pretty darn scary!
Some images just stay with you and lead you to want to learn more about them.
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| Asterix on the Warpath, Cover (Left) and Page Pop-Up (Right). |
Although most pop-up books today are usually
associated with children’s books, that perception is not completely true. There
are many pop-up books which target an adult market. For example, the television
series Game of Thrones has a pop-up
book found in the Molson collection. This adult-oriented subset of the market
has a much longer history than the one associated with children’s themes. The
first movable books, the more formal name for pop-ups since the earliest
versions did not “pop-up,” appeared in the 13th century.
The first movable books were created to determine the
date of Easter. Easter, the great feast of Christendom, does not occur on the
same Sunday each year. Easter Sunday is the first Sunday that follows the first
full moon after the spring equinox in the northern hemisphere (with some
fiddling around the edges we needn’t get into here). Church leaders printed
tables for the clergy to use that told them what Sunday to celebrate Easter, but
local clergy found the tables hard to read. In the 13th century, publishers
discovered a simpler way to present the same information: use a revolving wheel
in the center of a page of text. When a clergy member placed the wheel in the
proper location, the rest was easy!
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Bridscapes: A Pop-Up Celebration of Bird Songs in Stereo Sound,
Cover (Left) and Page Pop-Up (Right). |
Soon enough, “volvelles,” as the innovation was named,
showed up in several other applications, such as astronomical tables, and eventually
- as a trope of untold spy novels and occasionally as a tool of real spies - a way
to decipher encoded messages. Flaps, which could be lifted to reveal what lay
underneath, came next. They first appeared in anatomy textbooks. Using them, a
student could lift a flap of paper representing the skin to see what lay
underneath.
In the nineteenth century, publishers began to print
movable books for children. The books first appeared in London, whereby 1860
several publishers marketed movable children’s books. In the late nineteenth
century, German published came to dominate the field. German publishers were
the undisputed masters of emerging forms of color reproduction. With the onset
of World War I, pop-up books, now largely printed in Germany, all but
disappeared in England and the United States.
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Brava Sterega Nona! A Heartwarming Pop-Up Book,
Cover (Left) and Page Pop-Up (Right). |
The first movable books printed in the United States
appeared in the 1880s. But they were always a publisher’s sideline. In the
early years of the twentieth century, some manufacturers printed pop-up books
as advertising. For example, in 1909,
Kellogg’s published Kellogg’s Funny
Jungleland Moving Pictures, to help sell cereal. But movable books for
children did not become serious business in the United States until the 1930s.
Desperate to try anything to increase book sales
during the Great Depression, publishers turned to movable books. Classic fairy
tales and books from the Walt Disney Studios led the way. Unlike their European
predecessors, which often displayed the craftsmanship associated with a finely
printed volume, these movable books were made with less expense, and were
designed to sell to a mass market. By the 1950s, movable books were a
recognized part of the American children’s book market.
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| Hokusai Pop-Ups, Cover (Left) and Page Pop-Up (Right). |
If movable books were big sellers, they spent much of
the 1960s and 1970s trying to gain literary respect. The term “paper engineer”
was coined in the 1960s to describe the skills needed to make a pop-up book literally
pop-up. “Serious” persons, however, continued to label movable books a novelty
– dismissing them as “toy books” not worthy of their attention. That perception
changed in 1980 when the British Library Association gave its most prestigious
award for a children’s publication, the Kate Greenaway Medal, to Jan Pieńkowski’s
Haunted House, which was engineered
by Tor Lokvig.
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The Jungle Book: A Pop-Up Adventure,
Cover (Left) and Page Pop-Up (Right). |
“Let yourself in,” says
the notice on the front door of Haunted
House. Once inside, a reader opens other doors to find disgusting things, things
that cause shivers as eyes blink or spiders creep, or things that make a reader
jump as monsters burst from the page. Described as “the house
of petrifying pop-ups” by the Greenaway Awards Committee, the book has sold
over one million copies. Haunted House’s
flourishing sales and award-winning status ensured the future of the pop-up
book both as a way to make a dollar and as a serious literary genre.
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| The Chronicles of Narnia, Cover (Left) and Page Pop-Up (Right). |
Books like Haunted
House, however, have a distinct downside from a library’s administrator’s
viewpoint. Student employees asked to check in the Molson books were quickly
noticed to be working at less than their usual pace – way less. We had a
problem – the books were so interesting the students kept opening them up to
see what would happen. I suppose a proper library manager would have initiated
a time-management study and using this empirical data imposed strict hourly
processing quotas. But the problem was the full-time staff, and I, kept
stopping to see the latest treasure the students had unearthed, encouraging their
bad behavior.
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| Snowflakes: A Pop-Up Book, Cover (Left) and Page Pop-Up (Right). |
The only solution to everyone’s fascination with the
Molson books was to embrace it and make lemonade from lemons. The students’
favorite books from the Molson collection illustrate this blog. I hope you
enjoy them as much as they do. I also hope you will join us during the spring
semester 2020 when we will share our collective enthusiasm for movable books
through an exhibit in the Clarke Historical Library.
You’re going to love it. Trust our student employees
on this one.
